Consequently, the five essential evaluative dimensions for future SRBs should be the following: high specific energy, high specific power, high overall efficiency, high safety and low cost (4H1L). Additionally, when aiming at large-scale applications such as IoT devices, cost and safety issues should also be the main considerations. Integrating faradic capacitors with solar cells as solar rechargeable capacitors (SRCs) could also improve the specific power 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 however, the demand on both the specific energy and overall efficiency is always unsatisfactory. Involving high-power electrochemical energy storage systems, such as aluminium-ion batteries, into SRBs could be an advisable choice, but these systems are expensive and their corrosive electrolyte components are unfavourable 22. By combining solar cells and secondary batteries, such as Li-ion batteries (LIBs) 11, 12, lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) 13 or other secondary battery systems 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, solar rechargeable battery (SRB) systems can achieve an efficient photocharging mode and high specific energy 20, 21 however, they have inferior power performance. A three-electrode design based on a multifunctional joint electrode could take the merits of different types of SRSs into consideration and exhibit more advantages. A stand-alone two-electrode structure with a bifunctional light-absorbing and the electroactive electrode is compact and attractive however, its solar energy utilization efficiency and cycling stability are unsatisfactory due to its poor spectrum response, inefficient charge separation and light/chemical corrosion 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Such a four-electrode structure is easy to fabricate and efficient but needs additional inactive components that are redundant, which results in increased cost and wasted space 3, 4. Traditional SRSs consist of wire-connected independent solar cells and energy storage modules. By converting and storing intermittent solar irradiation, a solar rechargeable system (SRS) could improve the practicability of solar energy and fulfil future demands. Solar-driven self-powered systems could be promising power sources for wearable smart electronics, Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other electrically powered equipment 1, 2. Moreover, benefiting from its narrow voltage range (1.40–1.90 V), the device demonstrates an efficiency of approximately 6%, which is stable for 200 photocharge and discharge cycles. As a result, the device delivers a specific power of 54 kW/kg and specific energy of 366 Wh/kg at 32 A/g and 2 A/g, respectively. In particular, the battery cathode and perovskite material of the solar cell are combined in a sandwich joint electrode unit. The electrochemical energy storage cell utilizes heterostructural Co 2P-CoP-NiCoO 2 nanometric arrays and zinc metal as the cathode and anode, respectively, and shows a capacity retention of approximately 78% after 25000 cycles at 32 A/g. Herein, we propose a device consisting of an integrated carbon-based perovskite solar cell module capable of harvesting solar energy (and converting it into electricity) and a rechargeable aqueous zinc metal cell. Simultaneously harvesting, converting and storing solar energy in a single device represents an ideal technological approach for the next generation of power sources.
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